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Salad Bowl strike
The Salad Bowl strike〔Bernstein, Harry. "Harvest, Shipping Near Standstill in 'Salad Bowl' Strike." ''Los Angeles Times.'' August 26, 1970.〕 was a series of strikes, mass pickets, boycotts and secondary boycotts that began on August 23, 1970 and led to the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history.〔"Coast Workers Vote Strike At 27 Vegetable Ranches." ''Associated Press.'' August 24, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "Massive Farm Strike Begins." ''Los Angeles Times.'' August 25, 1970; Bernstein, Harry. "5,000–7,000 Strike in Largest Farm Walkout in U.S. History." ''Los Angeles Times.'' August 25, 1970.〕 The strike was led by the United Farm Workers against the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. The Salad Bowl〔Because of the large number of vegetable growers in the Salinas Valley and the diversity of crops grown there, the Salinas Valley is known as "the Salad Bowl." See: Anderson, Burton. ''America's Salad Bowl: An Agricultural History of the Salinas Valley.'' Salinas, Calif.: Monterey County Historical Society, 2000. ISBN 0-9705860-0-0〕 strike was only in part a jurisdictional strike, for many of the actions taken during the event were not strikes. The strike led directly to the passage of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act in 1975.〔Feriss, Susan; Sandoval, Ricardo; and Hembree, Diana. ''The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. ISBN 0-15-600598-0〕
==Background==
Collective bargaining rights for most hourly workers in the United States were first given legal protection in 1933 by Section 7a of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Although NIRA did not specifically exempt agricultural laborers from the protection of the Act, the Roosevelt administration, eager to win the political support of farm-state members of Congress, argued that farm workers were excluded.〔Weber, Devra. ''Dark Sweat, White Gold: California Farm Workers, Cotton, and the New Deal.'' Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20710-6〕 When the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was enacted in 1935, it specifically exempted agricultural workers due to pressure from the "farm bloc" in Congress.〔〔Higgins, John E. and Janus, Peter A. ''The Developing Labor Law: The Board, the Courts, and the National Labor Relations Act.'' 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: BNA Books, 2006. ISBN 1-57018-585-9〕〔. The NLRA was not the only federal law to discriminate against farm workers. The Social Security Act of 1935 and Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 also excluded them. See: Hurt, R. Douglas. ''American Agriculture: A Brief History.'' Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55753-281-8〕 Although a number of attempts were made in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s to organize farm laborers, these efforts were unsuccessful.〔Bernstein, Irving. ''The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-1933.'' Paperback ed. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972. ISBN 0-395-13657-1 (Originally published 1960); Bernstein, Irving. ''The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941.'' Paperback edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970. ISBN 0-395-11778-X (Originally published 1969.)〕
In August 1966, the National Farm Workers Association and Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, two unrecognized and relatively minor labor unions claiming organizing jurisdiction over farm workers in California, merged to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (the predecessor organization to the United Farm Workers). Adopting the philosophy of pacifism in the face of often violent reaction to its organizing efforts and engaging in strikes, hunger strikes, boycotts and secondary boycotts (including the successful Delano grape strike), marches, rallies and cutting-edge public relations campaigns, the United Farm Workers (UFW) began organizing large numbers of agricultural laborers into unions.〔Feriss, Susan; Sandoval, Ricardo; and Hembree, Diana. ''The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998. ISBN 0-15-600598-0〕 In some cases, the UFW even won recognition and negotiated contracts.〔〔Hurt, R. Douglas. ''American Agriculture: A Brief History.'' Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55753-281-8〕
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